Origins
Origins of the shēn Branch
For the shēn branch, Zheng Qiao’s note identifies it as descended from the Dong surname and from Canhu, the second son of Lu Zhong, explaining that the surname was taken from a personal name. The Surname Textual Research, citing the Lushi, additionally states that descendants of Gaotao and Shishen also had the surname Can; Shishen is presented as a traditional account. The source explicitly says that the origins are not uniform.
